For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different opinion. This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi (圣雄甘地) considered it unfortunate to have railways and steamboats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technology for granted. But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue. Furthermore, I have frequently found myself growing more agreeable through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.

31. The author intends to tell us that
［Ａ］ human beings, including those of genius, are liable to foolish errors.
［B］ people can avoid silly mistakes unless they observe common rules.
［C］ it needs average intelligence for us to keep away from silly opinions.
［D］ foolish opinions usually occur to those who rarely commit big mistakes.

32. The example of Aristotle is used to indicate that
［Ａ］ observation can prevent people from making any mistakes.
［B］ great men advance false arguments occasionally.
［C］ primitive apparatuses hamper precise observation.
［D］ realistic investigations are vital to sound judgments.

33. According to the text, it is true that
［Ａ］ there are many ways to rectify our false beliefs in many matters.
［B］ our irritation at opposite arguments proves our inability to justify ourselves.
［C］ fierce controversies reveal their incapacity to convince either side.
［D］ we should firmly defend our belief when it encounters any challenge.

34. The author tries to convince us of the fact that
［Ａ］ an imaginary argument with opponents may avoid foolish errors.
［B］ Mahatma Gandhi advocated adoption of new technology in various fields.
［C］ an opponent’s opinions can be verified by considering Gandhi’s arguments.
［D］ we have to agree with actual opponents offering reasonable opinions.

35. Most people are unlikely to be subject to silly errors
［Ａ］ when they do not violate the rules of observation and imagination.
［B］ if they refute their opponents’ opinions in a fairly reasonable way.
［C］ unless they are convinced of their knowledge of things without justification.
［D］ until they become reconciled with their opponents through imaginary dialogue.

Text4

    Financial engineers don’t wear white lab coats.They don’t experiment on rats or perform gas chromatography(气相层析).Their raw material—money—isn’t as showy as what biologists and physicists investigate. But the innovations they produce will contribute just as much to economic growth.