［A］ If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenth-century England, coal would not have been developed. If coal and whale oil shortages hadn’t loomed, oil wells would not have been dug.

［B］ But the world’s physical conditions and the resilience(power of recovering英语冲刺
quickly) of a well-functioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems, and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.

［C］ The recent extraordinary decrease in the death rate—to my mind, the greatest miracle in history—accounts for the bumper crop of humanity. In the last 200 years, life expectancy in the advanced countries jumped from the mid-30’s to 70’s.

［D］ Instead, they lament(feel sorrow) that there are so many human beings, and wring their hands(indicate despair) about the problems that more people inevitably bring, and resources will be further diminished.

［E］ It will happen because men and women—sometimes as individuals, sometimes as enterprises working for profit, sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups, and sometimes as governmental agencies—will address problems with muscle and mind, and will probably overcome, as has been usual through history.

［F］ Statistic studies show that population growth doesn’t lead to slower economic growth, though this defies common sense. Nor is high population density a drag on economic development.

［G］ We don’t say that all is well everywhere, and we don’t predict that all will be rosy in the future. Children are hungry and sick; people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity; war or some other pollution may do us in.

Part C

Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

    Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies that currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?” and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” 46) Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.

    Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this practical use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment prevents a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. 47) Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their sequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends (goes beyond) history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic belief of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. 48) Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of truth.