“学识被当作权力或特权形式而遭到人们的憎恨”，历史学家Richard Hofstadter在他的《美国生活中的反学识思潮》一书中这样写到，这本书因探究美国政治、宗教和教育中的反学识根源而赢得普利策图书奖。Hofstadter说，从美国历史的开头起，美国的民主化和大众化冲动驱使美国人排斥一切精英文化的东西，实用、常识及本能的智慧被视作比书本中的东西更崇高的素质。
　　(59)Ralph Waldo Emerson以及其他一些先验论哲学家则认为，学校和僵化的书本学习会抑制孩子们的天性：“我们被关入学校和大学的背书室10或15年之久，出来时一肚子的文化却啥也不懂。”马克.吐温的《Huckleberry Finn》正好诠释了美国人的反学识倾向，书中的主人公拒绝被文明化―――上学读书之类―――因此保持住了自己的善良天性。
　　在Hofstadter看来，学识不同于本能性的智慧，后者是我们勉强赞赏的一种素质。学识是精神世界中的批评、创造和沉思的一面。智力力图理解、把握、排序和调适，而学识力求审视、沉思、探究、理论、批评和想象。
　　在学校中，学识仍不被信任。Hofstadter说，我们的教育制度被那些人所牢牢控制，他们“得意而咄咄*人地宣扬自己对学识的敌视，宣扬自己对最缺乏学识孩子的认同”。

56. [答案] [C]
　　[解析] 这是一道细节题，根据第一段第三句可知，美国父母期望孩子到学校学会些实用的技能，C项正是此意，为正确答案。
　　57. [答案] [A]
　　[解析] 这是一道细节题。依据第二段末句可知，美国人素来厌恶学识追求，答案显然为A。
　　58. [答案] [D]
　　[解析] 这是一道综合题。对比第二段和第五段可知，这两人的观点正好相反，所以D为正确答案。
　　59. [答案] [B]
　　[解析] 这是一道简单推论题。根据第五段中Emerson对学校所持的批评言论可知，他一定是学识的反对者，所以答案为B。A项不对，因为文章没说Emerson要对教育进行改革，文章更没有任何依据说他是这一变革的先锋（pioneer）。
　　60. [答案] [C]
　　[解析] 本题问作者对学识的态度看法。综合全文，尤其是第一段首句和第三段首句，读者能明显看出，作者实际上是赞成对学识的追求和重视的，所以C应为正确答案。

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)

The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.