I. Use of English (Cloze)

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 1 on the individual suggest that children engaged in criminal behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 3 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status 5 as a rejection of middle-class values.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 6 the fact that children from wealthy families also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 7 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 8 to criticism.

Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 10 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 11 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 12 lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also 13 changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; 14 , children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 17 causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 18 of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 20 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. (287 words)

1. A. acting B. relying C. centering D. commenting

2. A. if B. unless C. until D. because

3. A. interactions B. assimilation C. cooperation D. consultation

4. A. return B. reply C. reference D. response

5. A. or B. but rather C. but D. or else

6. A. considering B. ignoring C. highlighting D. discarding

7. A. on B. in C. for D. with

8. A. immune B. resistant C. sensitive D. subject

9. A. affect B. reduce C. check D. reflect

10. A. point B. lead C. come D. amount

11. A. in general B. on average C. by contrast D. at length

12. A. case B. short C. turn D. essence

13. A. survived B. noticed C. undertaken D. experienced

14. A. contrarily B. consequently C. similarly D. simultaneously

15. A. than B. that C. which D. as

16. A. system B. structure C. concept D. heritage

17. A. assessable B. identifiable C. negligible D. incredible

18. A. expense B. restriction C. allocation D. availability

19. A. incidence B. awareness C. exposure D. popularity

20. A. provided B. since C. although D. supposing

II. 选择搭配题

Directions:

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (4 1-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)